10 01 Waste from thermal processes

Fuel combustion processes at thermal power plants, boiler houses, and other industrial facilities are accompanied by the generation of significant quantities of mineral residues classified under code 10 01 Waste from thermal processes. This category includes fuel slag, fly ash, dust from gas cleaning systems, as well as associated ash and slag mixtures and flue gas desulfurization products. Since these large-volume wastes may contain mineral oxides, heavy metals, and fine particulate matter, they require control from the stage of their generation and capture at the enterprise.

Environmentally sound management of such waste requires compliance with strict industrial and environmental safety regulations, as fly ash and fine particulate matter can be widely dispersed by wind, create hazardous concentrations in the ambient air of work areas, and accumulate on adjacent territories.

It is strictly prohibited to store them in open dumps without dust suppression, discharge them into water bodies, or leave them unprotected from atmospheric precipitation. Enterprises are required to organize storage in ash and slag disposal sites or sealed dry storage in special silos equipped with aspiration systems.

The most rational way to manage these wastes is their active secondary use and recycling in the construction industry within the framework of the circular economy concept.

Fly ash and slag are successfully used as active mineral additives in the production of cement, concrete, and construction mixtures, as well as for filling excavated areas, quarry reclamation, and road construction, which makes it possible to minimize the areas required for disposal and reduce the extraction of natural raw materials.